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time2010/07/11
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BIOS BIOENERGIESYSTEME GmbH,
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The high cooling demand in industrial processes and the increased demand of cooling for the air conditioning of office- and commercial buildings due to modern architecture (glass fronts) as well as the climatic increase of the ambient temperatures in
The centralised supply of several consumers with cooling energy and the application of combined cooling, heat and power production plants with absorption chillers are promising alternatives. These concepts allow the reduction of the electric power demand and the utilisation of renewable energy based on biomass or waste heat for cooling.
The installation of centralised cooling plants is an economically and ecologically feasible option in urban areas with potential cooling consumers (office, commercial and public buildings, hospitals, train stations etc.) compared to decentralised chillers (e.g. split coolers). The integration of absorption chillers and free-cooling applications during the winter season are special advantages of centralised cooling plants.
Basic design of centralised cooling plants
Figure 1 shows the possible layout of a cooling plant based on absorption and compression chillers and different re-cooling technologies.
The main components of cooling plants are the chillers, the re-cooling plant and the distribution of the cooling energy:
o??????????????????????????????? Electric power: A compressor (piston, screw or turbo compressor) driven by electric energy compresses the refrigerant (e.g. ammonia, R
o??????????????????????????????? Heat: Absorption chillers utilise heat in form of hot water or steam in a thermodynamic cycle for the cold production. Possible heat sources are district heating plants based on fossil or renewable fuel, waste heat or solar heat. The thermodynamic cycle of absorption chillers is based on a refrigerant and a solvent. The refrigerant must be totally soluble in the solvent. Absorption chillers based on lithium bromide and water achieve cold water temperatures of
o??????????????????????????????? Free-Cooling: A heat exchanger connects the cooling cycle with the re-cooling cycle and allows a direct cooling of the cooling cycle by the re-cooling unit. Therefore, no chillers and no additional energy for the cold production are necessary. Free-cooling applications are depending on the re-cooling technology applied and the climatic conditions and are mainly applicable during the winter season.
o??????????????????????????????? River water cooling
o??????????????????????????????? Dry cooling towers
o??????????????????????????????? Wet cooling towers
o??????????????????????????????? Hybrid cooling towers
The selection of the re-cooling technology depends on site constraints such as the climate, the availability of cooling water and the required space. The re-cooling demand of adsorption and absorption chillers is significantly higher than the one of compression chillers and has to be considered appropriately.
The type and design of the cooling technology strongly depends on the particular site constraints and needs therefore to be adjusted accordingly.
The most relevant parameters influencing the design of a centralised cooling plant are:
The basis for an optimised design of cooling plants is a detailed evaluation of potential heat consumers. Only a comparison of different plant options considering the cold production, the re-cooling as well as the cooling energy distribution with a reference scenario as well as a detailed cost calculation and the determination of the cold production costs based on the plant options evaluated lead to a technical and economical feasible cooling plant.
Combined cooling, heat and power production
The combined cooling, heat and power production (trigeneration) is an enhancement of existing CHP technologies. The utilisation of heat from CHP plants in absorption chillers increases the utilisation rate of the CHP plant (e.g. based on the steam process or the ORC process) and the electric power output respectively. Moreover, the application of absorption chillers reduces the electric power demand of the cold production.
Trigeneration plants are especially suitable for district cooling systems and process cooling applications. The utilisation of heat based on biomass CHP plants or waste heat allows the production of cooling energy based on renewable and CO2 neutral resources.
Trigeneration plants are rather complex since the systems for the cooling, heating and power production need to be combined and adjusted. The basis for an optimised design is a detailed evaluation of the heating and cooling demand and their daily, weekly and annual trends as well as the temperatures needed for each process.
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